https://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/2005/pinter-lecture-e.html
Harold Pinter – Nobel Lecture
Art, Truth & Politics
(Harold Pinter’s Nobel Lecture was pre-recorded, and
shown on video December 7, 2005, in Börssalen at
the Swedish Academy in Stockholm.)
In 1958 I wrote the following:
‘There are no hard distinctions between what is real and what is unreal, nor
between what is true and what is false. A thing is not necessarily either
true or false; it can be both true and false.’
I believe that these assertions still make sense and do still apply to the
exploration of reality through art. So as a writer I stand by them but as a
citizen I cannot. As a citizen I must ask: What is true? What is false?
Truth in drama is forever elusive. You never quite find it but the search
for it is compulsive. The search is clearly what drives the endeavour. The
search is your task. More often than not you stumble upon the truth in the
dark, colliding with it or just glimpsing an image or a shape which seems to
correspond to the truth, often without realising that you have done so. But
the real truth is that there never is any such thing as one truth to be
found in dramatic art. There are many. These truths challenge each other,
recoil from each other, reflect each other, ignore each other, tease each
other, are blind to each other. Sometimes you feel you have the truth of a
moment in your hand, then it slips through your fingers and is lost.
I have often been asked how my plays come about. I cannot say. Nor can I
ever sum up my plays, except to say that this is what happened. That is what
they said. That is what they did.
Most of the plays are engendered by a line, a word or an image. The given
word is often shortly followed by the image. I shall give two examples of
two lines which came right out of the blue into my head, followed by an
image, followed by me.
The plays are The Homecoming and Old Times. The first line of The Homecoming
is ‘What have you done with the scissors?’ The first line of Old Times is
‘Dark.’
In each case I had no further information.
In the first case someone was obviously looking for a pair of scissors and
was demanding their whereabouts of someone else he suspected had probably
stolen them. But I somehow knew that the person addressed didn’t give a damn
about the scissors or about the questioner either, for that matter.
‘Dark’ I took to be a description of someone’s hair, the hair of a woman,
and was the answer to a question. In each case I found myself compelled to
pursue the matter. This happened visually, a very slow fade, through shadow
into light.
I always start a play by calling the characters A, B and C.
In the play that became The Homecoming I saw a man enter a stark room and
ask his question of a younger man sitting on an ugly sofa reading a racing
paper. I somehow suspected that A was a father and that B was his son, but I
had no proof. This was however confirmed a short time later when B (later to
become Lenny) says to A (later to become Max), ‘Dad, do you mind if I change
the subject? I want to ask you something. The dinner we had before, what was
the name of it? What do you call it? Why don’t you buy a dog? You’re a dog
cook. Honest. You think you’re cooking for a lot of dogs.’ So since B calls
A ‘Dad’ it seemed to me reasonable to assume that they were father and son.
A was also clearly the cook and his cooking did not seem to be held in high
regard. Did this mean that there was no mother? I didn’t know. But, as I
told myself at the time, our beginnings never know our ends.
‘Dark.’ A large window. Evening sky. A man, A (later to become Deeley), and
a woman, B (later to become Kate), sitting with drinks. ‘Fat or thin?’ the
man asks. Who are they talking about? But I then see, standing at the
window, a woman, C (later to become Anna), in another condition of light,
her back to them, her hair dark.
It’s a strange moment, the moment of creating characters who up to that
moment have had no existence. What follows is fitful, uncertain, even
hallucinatory, although sometimes it can be an unstoppable avalanche. The
author’s position is an odd one. In a sense he is not welcomed by the
characters. The characters resist him, they are not easy to live with, they
are impossible to define. You certainly can’t dictate to them. To a certain
extent you play a never-ending game with them, cat and mouse, blind man’s
buff, hide and seek. But finally you find that you have people of flesh and
blood on your hands, people with will and an individual sensibility of their
own, made out of component parts you are unable to change, manipulate or
distort.
So language in art remains a highly ambiguous transaction, a quicksand, a
trampoline, a frozen pool which might give way under you, the author, at any
time.
But as I have said, the search for the truth can never stop. It cannot be
adjourned, it cannot be postponed. It has to be faced, right there, on the
spot.
Political theatre presents an entirely different set of problems.
Sermonising has to be avoided at all cost. Objectivity is essential. The
characters must be allowed to breathe their own air. The author cannot
confine and constrict them to satisfy his own taste or disposition or
prejudice. He must be prepared to approach them from a variety of angles,
from a full and uninhibited range of perspectives, take them by surprise,
perhaps, occasionally, but nevertheless give them the freedom to go which
way they will. This does not always work. And political satire, of course,
adheres to none of these precepts, in fact does precisely the opposite,
which is its proper function.
In my play The Birthday Party I think I allow a whole range of options to
operate in a dense forest of possibility before finally focussing on an act
of subjugation.
Mountain Language pretends to no such range of operation. It remains brutal,
short and ugly. But the soldiers in the play do get some fun out of it. One
sometimes forgets that torturers become easily bored. They need a bit of a
laugh to keep their spirits up. This has been confirmed of course by the
events at Abu Ghraib in Baghdad. Mountain Language lasts only 20 minutes,
but it could go on for hour after hour, on and on and on, the same pattern
repeated over and over again, on and on, hour after hour.
Ashes to Ashes, on the other hand, seems to me to be taking place under
water. A drowning woman, her hand reaching up through the waves, dropping
down out of sight, reaching for others, but finding nobody there, either
above or under the water, finding only shadows, reflections, floating; the
woman a lost figure in a drowning landscape, a woman unable to escape the
doom that seemed to belong only to others.
But as they died, she must die too.
Political language, as used by politicians, does not venture into any of
this territory since the majority of politicians, on the evidence available
to us, are interested not in truth but in power and in the maintenance of
that power. To maintain that power it is essential that people remain in
ignorance, that they live in ignorance of the truth, even the truth of their
own lives. What surrounds us therefore is a vast tapestry of lies, upon
which we feed.
As every single person here knows, the justification for the invasion of
Iraq was that Saddam Hussein possessed a highly dangerous body of weapons of
mass destruction, some of which could be fired in 45 minutes, bringing about
appalling devastation. We were assured that was true. It was not true. We
were told that Iraq had a relationship with Al Quaeda and shared
responsibility for the atrocity in New York of September 11th 2001. We were
assured that this was true. It was not true. We were told that Iraq
threatened the security of the world. We were assured it was true. It was
not true.
The truth is something entirely different. The truth is to do with how the
United States understands its role in the world and how it chooses to embody
it.
But before I come back to the present I would like to look at the recent
past, by which I mean United States foreign policy since the end of the
Second World War. I believe it is obligatory upon us to subject this period
to at least some kind of even limited scrutiny, which is all that time will
allow here.
Everyone knows what happened in the Soviet Union and throughout Eastern
Europe during the post-war period: the systematic brutality, the widespread
atrocities, the ruthless suppression of independent thought. All this has
been fully documented and verified.
But my contention here is that the US crimes in the same period have only
been superficially recorded, let alone documented, let alone acknowledged,
let alone recognised as crimes at all. I believe this must be addressed and
that the truth has considerable bearing on where the world stands now.
Although constrained, to a certain extent, by the existence of the Soviet
Union, the United States’ actions throughout the world made it clear that it
had concluded it had carte blanche to do what it liked.
Direct invasion of a sovereign state has never in fact been America’s
favoured method. In the main, it has preferred what it has described as ‘low
intensity conflict’. Low intensity conflict means that thousands of people
die but slower than if you dropped a bomb on them in one fell swoop. It
means that you infect the heart of the country, that you establish a
malignant growth and watch the gangrene bloom. When the populace has been
subdued – or beaten to death – the same thing – and your own friends, the
military and the great corporations, sit comfortably in power, you go before
the camera and say that democracy has prevailed. This was a commonplace in
US foreign policy in the years to which I refer.
The tragedy of Nicaragua was a highly significant case. I choose to offer it
here as a potent example of America’s view of its role in the world, both
then and now.
I was present at a meeting at the US embassy in London in the late 1980s.
The United States Congress was about to decide whether to give more money to
the Contras in their campaign against the state of Nicaragua. I was a member
of a delegation speaking on behalf of Nicaragua but the most important
member of this delegation was a Father John Metcalf. The leader of the US
body was Raymond Seitz (then number two to the ambassador, later ambassador
himself). Father Metcalf said: ‘Sir, I am in charge of a parish in the north
of Nicaragua. My parishioners built a school, a health centre, a cultural
centre. We have lived in peace. A few months ago a Contra force attacked the
parish. They destroyed everything: the school, the health centre, the
cultural centre. They raped nurses and teachers, slaughtered doctors, in the
most brutal manner. They behaved like savages. Please demand that the US
government withdraw its support from this shocking terrorist activity.’
Raymond Seitz had a very good reputation as a rational, responsible and
highly sophisticated man. He was greatly respected in diplomatic circles. He
listened, paused and then spoke with some gravity. ‘Father,’ he said, ‘let
me tell you something. In war, innocent people always suffer.’ There was a
frozen silence. We stared at him. He did not flinch.
Innocent people, indeed, always suffer.
Finally somebody said: ‘But in this case “innocent people” were the victims
of a gruesome atrocity subsidised by your government, one among many. If
Congress allows the Contras more money further atrocities of this kind will
take place. Is this not the case? Is your government not therefore guilty of
supporting acts of murder and destruction upon the citizens of a sovereign
state?’
Seitz was imperturbable. ‘I don’t agree that the facts as presented support
your assertions,’ he said.
As we were leaving the Embassy a US aide told me that he enjoyed my plays. I
did not reply.
I should remind you that at the time President Reagan made the following
statement: ‘The Contras are the moral equivalent of our Founding Fathers.’
The United States supported the brutal Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua for
over 40 years. The Nicaraguan people, led by the Sandinistas, overthrew this
regime in 1979, a breathtaking popular revolution.
The Sandinistas weren’t perfect. They possessed their fair share of
arrogance and their political philosophy contained a number of contradictory
elements. But they were intelligent, rational and civilised. They set out to
establish a stable, decent, pluralistic society. The death penalty was
abolished. Hundreds of thousands of poverty-stricken peasants were brought
back from the dead. Over 100,000 families were given title to land. Two
thousand schools were built. A quite remarkable literacy campaign reduced
illiteracy in the country to less than one seventh. Free education was
established and a free health service. Infant mortality was reduced by a
third. Polio was eradicated.
The United States denounced these achievements as Marxist/Leninist
subversion. In the view of the US government, a dangerous example was being
set. If Nicaragua was allowed to establish basic norms of social and
economic justice, if it was allowed to raise the standards of health care
and education and achieve social unity and national self respect,
neighbouring countries would ask the same questions and do the same things.
There was of course at the time fierce resistance to the status quo in El
Salvador.
I spoke earlier about ‘a tapestry of lies’ which surrounds us. President
Reagan commonly described Nicaragua as a ‘totalitarian dungeon’. This was
taken generally by the media, and certainly by the British government, as
accurate and fair comment. But there was in fact no record of death squads
under the Sandinista government. There was no record of torture. There was
no record of systematic or official military brutality. No priests were ever
murdered in Nicaragua. There were in fact three priests in the government,
two Jesuits and a Maryknoll missionary. The totalitarian dungeons were
actually next door, in El Salvador and Guatemala. The United States had
brought down the democratically elected government of Guatemala in 1954 and
it is estimated that over 200,000 people had been victims of successive
military dictatorships.
Six of the most distinguished Jesuits in the world were viciously murdered
at the Central American University in San Salvador in 1989 by a battalion of
the Alcatl regiment trained at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. That extremely
brave man Archbishop Romero was assassinated while saying mass. It is
estimated that 75,000 people died. Why were they killed? They were killed
because they believed a better life was possible and should be achieved.
That belief immediately qualified them as communists. They died because they
dared to question the status quo, the endless plateau of poverty, disease,
degradation and oppression, which had been their birthright.
The United States finally brought down the Sandinista government. It took
some years and considerable resistance but relentless economic persecution
and 30,000 dead finally undermined the spirit of the Nicaraguan people. They
were exhausted and poverty stricken once again. The casinos moved back into
the country. Free health and free education were over. Big business returned
with a vengeance. ‘Democracy’ had prevailed.
But this ‘policy’ was by no means restricted to Central America. It was
conducted throughout the world. It was never-ending. And it is as if it
never happened.
The United States supported and in many cases engendered every right wing
military dictatorship in the world after the end of the Second World War. I
refer to Indonesia, Greece, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Haiti, Turkey, the
Philippines, Guatemala, El Salvador, and, of course, Chile. The horror the
United States inflicted upon Chile in 1973 can never be purged and can never
be forgiven.
Hundreds of thousands of deaths took place throughout these countries. Did
they take place? And are they in all cases attributable to US foreign
policy? The answer is yes they did take place and they are attributable to
American foreign policy. But you wouldn’t know it.
It never happened. Nothing ever happened. Even while it was happening it
wasn’t happening. It didn’t matter. It was of no interest. The crimes of the
United States have been systematic, constant, vicious, remorseless, but very
few people have actually talked about them. You have to hand it to America.
It has exercised a quite clinical manipulation of power worldwide while
masquerading as a force for universal good. It’s a brilliant, even witty,
highly successful act of hypnosis.
I put to you that the United States is without doubt the greatest show on
the road. Brutal, indifferent, scornful and ruthless it may be but it is
also very clever. As a salesman it is out on its own and its most saleable
commodity is self love. It’s a winner. Listen to all American presidents on
television say the words, ‘the American people’, as in the sentence, ‘I say
to the American people it is time to pray and to defend the rights of the
American people and I ask the American people to trust their president in
the action he is about to take on behalf of the American people.’
It’s a scintillating stratagem. Language is actually employed to keep
thought at bay. The words ‘the American people’ provide a truly voluptuous
cushion of reassurance. You don’t need to think. Just lie back on the
cushion. The cushion may be suffocating your intelligence and your critical
faculties but it’s very comfortable. This does not apply of course to the 40
million people living below the poverty line and the 2 million men and women
imprisoned in the vast gulag of prisons, which extends across the US.
The United States no longer bothers about low intensity conflict. It no
longer sees any point in being reticent or even devious. It puts its cards
on the table without fear or favour. It quite simply doesn’t give a damn
about the United Nations, international law or critical dissent, which it
regards as impotent and irrelevant. It also has its own bleating little lamb
tagging behind it on a lead, the pathetic and supine Great Britain.
What has happened to our moral sensibility? Did we ever have any? What do
these words mean? Do they refer to a term very rarely employed these days –
conscience? A conscience to do not only with our own acts but to do with our
shared responsibility in the acts of others? Is all this dead? Look at
Guantanamo Bay. Hundreds of people detained without charge for over three
years, with no legal representation or due process, technically detained
forever. This totally illegitimate structure is maintained in defiance of
the Geneva Convention. It is not only tolerated but hardly thought about by
what’s called the ‘international community’. This criminal outrage is being
committed by a country, which declares itself to be ‘the leader of the free
world’. Do we think about the inhabitants of Guantanamo Bay? What does the
media say about them? They pop up occasionally – a small item on page six.
They have been consigned to a no man’s land from which indeed they may never
return. At present many are on hunger strike, being force-fed, including
British residents. No niceties in these force-feeding procedures. No
sedative or anaesthetic. Just a tube stuck up your nose and into your
throat. You vomit blood. This is torture. What has the British Foreign
Secretary said about this? Nothing. What has the British Prime Minister said
about this? Nothing. Why not? Because the United States has said: to
criticise our conduct in Guantanamo Bay constitutes an unfriendly act.
You’re either with us or against us. So Blair shuts up.
The invasion of Iraq was a bandit act, an act of blatant state terrorism,
demonstrating absolute contempt for the concept of international law. The
invasion was an arbitrary military action inspired by a series of lies upon
lies and gross manipulation of the media and therefore of the public; an act
intended to consolidate American military and economic control of the Middle
East masquerading – as a last resort – all other justifications having
failed to justify themselves – as liberation. A formidable assertion of
military force responsible for the death and mutilation of thousands and
thousands of innocent people.
We have brought torture, cluster bombs, depleted uranium, innumerable acts
of random murder, misery, degradation and death to the Iraqi people and call
it ‘bringing freedom and democracy to the Middle East’.
How many people do you have to kill before you qualify to be described as a
mass murderer and a war criminal? One hundred thousand? More than enough, I
would have thought. Therefore it is just that Bush and Blair be arraigned
before the International Criminal Court of Justice. But Bush has been
clever. He has not ratified the International Criminal Court of Justice.
Therefore if any American soldier or for that matter politician finds
himself in the dock Bush has warned that he will send in the marines. But
Tony Blair has ratified the Court and is therefore available for
prosecution. We can let the Court have his address if they’re interested. It
is Number 10, Downing Street, London.
Death in this context is irrelevant. Both Bush and Blair place death well
away on the back burner. At least 100,000 Iraqis were killed by American
bombs and missiles before the Iraq insurgency began. These people are of no
moment. Their deaths don’t exist. They are blank. They are not even recorded
as being dead. ‘We don’t do body counts,’ said the American general Tommy
Franks.
Early in the invasion there was a photograph published on the front page of
British newspapers of Tony Blair kissing the cheek of a little Iraqi boy. ‘A
grateful child,’ said the caption. A few days later there was a story and
photograph, on an inside page, of another four-year-old boy with no arms.
His family had been blown up by a missile. He was the only survivor. ‘When
do I get my arms back?’ he asked. The story was dropped. Well, Tony Blair
wasn’t holding him in his arms, nor the body of any other mutilated child,
nor the body of any bloody corpse. Blood is dirty. It dirties your shirt and
tie when you’re making a sincere speech on television.
The 2,000 American dead are an embarrassment. They are transported to their
graves in the dark. Funerals are unobtrusive, out of harm’s way. The
mutilated rot in their beds, some for the rest of their lives. So the dead
and the mutilated both rot, in different kinds of graves.
Here is an extract from a poem by Pablo Neruda, ‘I’m Explaining a Few
Things’:
And one morning all that was burning,
one morning the bonfires
leapt out of the earth
devouring human beings
and from then on fire,
gunpowder from then on,
and from then on blood.
Bandits with planes and Moors,
bandits with finger-rings and duchesses,
bandits with black friars spattering blessings
came through the sky to kill children
and the blood of children ran through the streets
without fuss, like children’s blood.
Jackals that the jackals would despise
stones that the dry thistle would bite on and spit out,
vipers that the vipers would abominate.
Face to face with you I have seen the blood
of Spain tower like a tide
to drown you in one wave
of pride and knives.
Treacherous
generals:
see my dead house,
look at broken Spain:
from every house burning metal flows
instead of flowers
from every socket of Spain
Spain emerges
and from every dead child a rifle with eyes
and from every crime bullets are born
which will one day find
the bull’s eye of your hearts.
And you will ask: why doesn’t his poetry
speak of dreams and leaves
and the great volcanoes of his native land.
Come and see the blood in the streets.
Come and see
the blood in the streets.
Come and see the blood
in the streets!*
Let me make it quite clear that in quoting from Neruda’s poem I am in no way
comparing Republican Spain to Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. I quote Neruda because
nowhere in contemporary poetry have I read such a powerful visceral
description of the bombing of civilians.
I have said earlier that the United States is now totally frank about
putting its cards on the table. That is the case. Its official declared
policy is now defined as ‘full spectrum dominance’. That is not my term, it
is theirs. ‘Full spectrum dominance’ means control of land, sea, air and
space and all attendant resources.
The United States now occupies 702 military installations throughout the
world in 132 countries, with the honourable exception of Sweden, of course.
We don’t quite know how they got there but they are there all right.
The United States possesses 8,000 active and operational nuclear warheads.
Two thousand are on hair trigger alert, ready to be launched with 15 minutes
warning. It is developing new systems of nuclear force, known as bunker
busters. The British, ever cooperative, are intending to replace their own
nuclear missile, Trident. Who, I wonder, are they aiming at? Osama bin
Laden? You? Me? Joe Dokes? China? Paris? Who knows? What we do know is that
this infantile insanity – the possession and threatened use of nuclear
weapons – is at the heart of present American political philosophy. We must
remind ourselves that the United States is on a permanent military footing
and shows no sign of relaxing it.
Many thousands, if not millions, of people in the United States itself are
demonstrably sickened, shamed and angered by their government’s actions, but
as things stand they are not a coherent political force – yet. But the
anxiety, uncertainty and fear which we can see growing daily in the United
States is unlikely to diminish.
I know that President Bush has many extremely competent speech writers but I
would like to volunteer for the job myself. I propose the following short
address which he can make on television to the nation. I see him grave, hair
carefully combed, serious, winning, sincere, often beguiling, sometimes
employing a wry smile, curiously attractive, a man’s man.
‘God is good. God is great. God is good. My God is good. Bin Laden’s God is
bad. His is a bad God. Saddam’s God was bad, except he didn’t have one. He
was a barbarian. We are not barbarians. We don’t chop people’s heads off. We
believe in freedom. So does God. I am not a barbarian. I am the
democratically elected leader of a freedom-loving democracy. We are a
compassionate society. We give compassionate electrocution and compassionate
lethal injection. We are a great nation. I am not a dictator. He is. I am
not a barbarian. He is. And he is. They all are. I possess moral authority.
You see this fist? This is my moral authority. And don’t you forget it.’
A writer’s life is a highly vulnerable, almost naked activity. We don’t have
to weep about that. The writer makes his choice and is stuck with it. But it
is true to say that you are open to all the winds, some of them icy indeed.
You are out on your own, out on a limb. You find no shelter, no protection –
unless you lie – in which case of course you have constructed your own
protection and, it could be argued, become a politician.
I have referred to death quite a few times this evening. I shall now quote a
poem of my own called ‘Death’.
Where was the dead body found?
Who found the dead body?
Was the dead body dead when found?
How was the dead body found?
Who was the dead body?
Who was the father or daughter or brother
Or uncle or sister or mother or son
Of the dead and abandoned body?
Was the body dead when abandoned?
Was the body abandoned?
By whom had it been abandoned?
Was the dead body naked or dressed for a journey?
What made you declare the dead body dead?
Did you declare the dead body dead?
How well did you know the dead body?
How did you know the dead body was dead?
Did you wash the dead body
Did you close both its eyes
Did you bury the body
Did you leave it abandoned
Did you kiss the dead body
When we look into a mirror we think the image that confronts us is accurate.
But move a millimetre and the image changes. We are actually looking at a
never-ending range of reflections. But sometimes a writer has to smash the
mirror – for it is on the other side of that mirror that the truth stares at
us.
I believe that despite the enormous odds which exist, unflinching,
unswerving, fierce intellectual determination, as citizens, to define the
real truth of our lives and our societies is a crucial obligation which
devolves upon us all. It is in fact mandatory.
If such a determination is not embodied in our political vision we have no
hope of restoring what is so nearly lost to us – the dignity of man.
* Extract from “I’m Explaining a Few Things” translated by Nathaniel Tarn,
from Pablo Neruda: Selected Poems, published by Jonathan Cape, London 1970.
Used by permission of The Random House Group Limited.
***************************
Robert S. Rodvik
Author/media analyst